Chemical Attacks and Toxic Exposure

A chemical emergency involves the release of harmful substances—such as gases, liquids, or solids—that can poison people, animals, or the environment. These events may occur accidentally (industrial spills, transportation accidents) or intentionally (terrorist attacks, sabotage).

Chemical agents can act rapidly and may be inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested. Symptoms can range from minor irritation to paralysis or death within minutes, depending on the agent used and level of exposure.

Common Chemical Agents

Nerve Agents (Sarin, VX)
Primary symptoms: Muscle spasms, paralysis, death

Blister Agents (Mustard gas)
Primary symptoms: Burns, eye damage, lung injury

Choking Agents (Chlorine, Phosgene)
Primary symptoms: Breathing difficulty, coughing

Blood Agents (Cyanide compounds)
Primary symptoms: Dizziness, seizures, heart failure

Riot Control (Tear gas, pepper spray)
Primary symptoms: Eye, skin, respiratory irritation

Preparedness Tips

Before a chemical threat

  • Store plastic sheeting, duct tape, and scissors to seal rooms
  • Identify a shelter-in-place room: interior, no windows, minimal ventilation
  • Keep N95 or chemical respirator masks in your emergency kit
  • Familiarize yourself with local chemical facilities or transport routes if nearby

During a Chemical Attack or Spill

If you are outdoors:

  • Move upwind and uphill of the source if safe to do so
  • Cover your mouth and nose with cloth or mask
  • Avoid touching contaminated surfaces
  • Get indoors as quickly as possible

If indoors:

  • Immediately shelter in place
  • Seal all doors, windows, vents, and chimneys
  • Turn off HVAC systems, fans, and fireplaces
  • Stay tuned to emergency broadcasts

If exposed:

  • Remove and seal contaminated clothing in a plastic bag
  • Wash skin with soap and water (do not scrub hard)
  • Flush eyes with clean water
  • Seek emergency medical care immediately

After the Incident

  • Await instructions from HazMat or emergency responders
  • Do not return to the affected area until declared safe
  • Clean all exposed surfaces with appropriate disinfectants
  • Replace HVAC filters and ventilate your space once cleared

Key Resources

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